Research Paper
Sports Media
Masomeh Hamzeh; Habib Honari; Farzad Ghafouri; Gholamreza Shabani Bahar
Abstract
The media plays a significant role in the development of cultural indicators for sports clubs. Therefore, the present study was designed and implemented to analyze the role of media in the development of cultural indicators in Iranian professional sports clubs. This study was descriptive-survey in nature ...
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The media plays a significant role in the development of cultural indicators for sports clubs. Therefore, the present study was designed and implemented to analyze the role of media in the development of cultural indicators in Iranian professional sports clubs. This study was descriptive-survey in nature and applied a mixed research approach. The statistical population included referees, players, coaches, club managers, media professionals, academic experts, and senior managers and policymakers. Targeted sampling was employed until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in 17 qualitative participants. In the quantitative section, the statistical population included 89 participants from the same groups. The research tools consisted of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Open, axial, and selective coding methods were used to analyze the qualitative data, while structural equation modeling was applied in the quantitative analysis. The results of the interview analysis revealed that cultural indicators comprised four categories and 14 open codes, while media indicators included two categories and eight open codes. The quantitative results also indicated that the research model demonstrates a good fit. Therefore, it is essential to foster interaction and communication between the managers of professional sports clubs and sports federations with the media. This can be achieved by establishing a media committee within the relevant organizations and federations, holding periodic meetings to report on activities and actions taken, and exchanging ideas with media experts on strategies for developing cultural indicators in professional sports clubs. Such efforts can significantly contribute to enhancing the cultural indicators of these clubs.
Research Paper
Sport International Relations
Azim Salahi Kojour; Morteza Dousti
Abstract
Sports diplomacy is an approach that politicians and statesmen of the world use people and sports events to create a favorable image of their country among foreign organizations and governments. The present research was conducted with the aim of formulating strategies for the development of sports diplomacy ...
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Sports diplomacy is an approach that politicians and statesmen of the world use people and sports events to create a favorable image of their country among foreign organizations and governments. The present research was conducted with the aim of formulating strategies for the development of sports diplomacy based on global experience. The current research was based on the purpose of applied research and was exploratory in terms of data collection. The data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview. The statistical population included experts in the field of macrospores management, strategic management, diplomacy, international relations, and sports sociology at the level of deputy ministers, presidents of the federation, advisers to the minister, and university professors, and a targeted sampling method was used to select experts. The final model of the total of Causal conditions (2 categories and 13 concepts), the necessary contexts and contexts (3 categories and 13 concepts), interventionist variables (3 categories and 13 concepts), strategies (3 categories and 11 concepts) and consequences (3 categories and 10 concepts) were formed. Therefore, for the development of sports diplomacy in the country, it is better that statesmen and politicians seek to create a favorable image of their country among foreign organizations and governments by using people and sports events.
Research Paper
Sport Communication
SARA SERAJ; mehdi sabzevari
Abstract
E-sports, encompassing online and offline activities as well as training classes, have experienced significant growth over the last decade. It is widely acknowledged that sports performance is multifaceted, resulting from the interaction of various factors such as physiological fitness, psychological ...
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E-sports, encompassing online and offline activities as well as training classes, have experienced significant growth over the last decade. It is widely acknowledged that sports performance is multifaceted, resulting from the interaction of various factors such as physiological fitness, psychological preparedness, physical development, cultural awareness, nutrition, genetics, general health, and sociocultural influences. Recently, a new dimension—E-sports and distance sports—has emerged, characterized by its unique attributes. Both traditional sports and E-sports share a common foundation: they involve movements and activities that enhance health, both physically and mentally. This research will utilize principles and findings from a cognitive theory known as the Conceptual Integration Network (CIN) to analyze E-sports and assess the potential effectiveness of cognitive awareness for E-sport coaches and managers. CIN suggests basic relationships that allow for the analysis of various aspects of distance sports training. After collecting data from respondents who are active trainers in distance sports training in Iran, an analysis was conducted based on the inputs and outputs defined by CIN, focusing on essential relationships across different aspects of selected distance sports activities. The primary hypothesis of this interdisciplinary research is that CIN analysis can contribute to enhancing cognitive knowledge, education, and training in E-sports.
Research Paper
Sport Communication
Sara Keshkar; Ali Afsay; Hojjat Kazemini
Abstract
The purpose of the current research is to understand the challenges of interpersonal communication etiquette in international sports events and to provide optimal solutions in the post-Corona era. This study was conducted using qualitative phenomenological research methods, which are exploratory in nature. ...
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The purpose of the current research is to understand the challenges of interpersonal communication etiquette in international sports events and to provide optimal solutions in the post-Corona era. This study was conducted using qualitative phenomenological research methods, which are exploratory in nature. The statistical population for the field interviews included national team athletes, national team coaches, sports management specialists, sports psychology experts, sports sociologists, and viral disease specialists, all targeted for interviews. A total of 56 qualitative interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved. The coding and analysis of the interviews were performed using MaxQDA Pro software.
The results indicated that the challenges of interpersonal communication etiquette in international sports events include cultural-social, value-based, educational, communication, and health-related challenges. Furthermore, the findings revealed 19 communication models among athletes, selected for key reasons such as respectful behavior, hygiene, attention to cultural values, fostering friendship, authenticity of behavior, transmission of Olympic values, and optimal performance. Additionally, desirable solutions for improving interpersonal communication etiquette in international sports events were identified, including modeling, educational initiatives, managerial approaches, and media engagement. To provide optimal solutions, this research also suggests adopting cultural practices such as placing hands on the chest and maintaining a proper distance instead of shaking hands.
Research Paper
Sports Media
Masoud Darabi; Seyed Mortrteza Azimzadeh; Mohammad Keshtidar; Houriyeh Dehghanpouri; Omid Asgari
Abstract
No matter what you do or promote, a poster is an effective and visually impactful way to share your keywords and get your audience excited about what to expect. Therefore, now that it is clear that posters are one of the most effective ways to communicate with the audience, in this research, a look at ...
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No matter what you do or promote, a poster is an effective and visually impactful way to share your keywords and get your audience excited about what to expect. Therefore, now that it is clear that posters are one of the most effective ways to communicate with the audience, in this research, a look at some of the factors influencing the design of posters in sports events has been taken. In this research, a combination of interviews and questionnaires have been used to identify the factors influencing the innovative design of sports Olympiad posters; Therefore, the current research was conducted using the Delphi-Fuzzy technique. First, using qualitative data obtained from exploratory studies, including the review of exploratory texts and semi-structured exploratory interviews, in which the interview questions were predetermined and similar questions were asked to all respondents. Validity and reliability in the qualitative part were confirmed using the CVR coefficient and the Kappa-Cohen test. Based on this, the factors affecting the innovative design of sports posters were determined, So, after extracting the factors, they were evaluated using field research. The statistical population of this research is brand design, advertising, and marketing experts with master's and doctorate degrees, as well as senior managers and experts in student sports in the country, which according to the purpose of the research, sampling in this research is targeted. According to the targeted sampling method, the sample size includes 20 high and middle managers of sports organizations. The results of the de-fuzzified average difference of the experts' opinions in both stages were less than 0.1. The experts reached a consensus regarding the factors affecting the innovative design of sports posters and identified and confirmed 71 factors. For the innovative design of sports posters, it is possible to do many creative works in which the designer's art is also involved. Of course, the influence of the designer's art will be seen when the factors identified in the current research and the framework of poster design for sports events are considered.
Research Paper
Sport Communication
Hossein Poursoltani Zarandi
Abstract
The aim of this research was to analyze self-knowledge and other-knowledge (Jo-Hari window) of the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth of Alborz province. The statistical population of this research was made up of the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth of Alborz ...
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The aim of this research was to analyze self-knowledge and other-knowledge (Jo-Hari window) of the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth of Alborz province. The statistical population of this research was made up of the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth of Alborz province (N = 129). Using Morgan's table, the number of statistical samples was estimated to be 97, which were selected through convenience sampling. The research method is applied and analytical, which was implemented in the field. In order to collect data, a 20-question questionnaire developed by Joseph Luft (1992) was used. Statistical methods include descriptive indices, graphical evaluation of self and others, and inferential analyses, including one-sample t-tests, independent t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance to compare the dependent variable based on qualitative demographic variables using Excel, SPSS, and Stata software. The results showed that scores of 27.80 and 28.5 were obtained from the total score of 50 related to providing feedback and willingness to disclose. In other words, the average level of 25 for each of the 2 mentioned factors exhibits a slight increasing trend, and thus, the level of the unknown quadrant has decreased very little. There is a significant difference in the willingness to disclose based on gender, as men had higher average scores. Additionally, the results showed that there is no significant difference among employees in the factors of providing feedback and willingness to disclose based on educational qualification.
Research Paper
Sports Media
Mehri Tabrizi Yeganeh; Mina Hakakzadeh; Mohsen Manoochehri Nejad
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to present a model of the role of media in investing and financing in the sports tourism industry. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of approach and the theme analysis has been used. For the field interview, the research participants ...
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The purpose of this study is to present a model of the role of media in investing and financing in the sports tourism industry. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of approach and the theme analysis has been used. For the field interview, the research participants included university professors and managers of sports tourism (23 people). The sampling method was purposeful. Data were analyzed using continuous comparison method using MaxiCode Pro software. The results of content analysis showed that there are 4 organizing themes (motivational, educational, information and cultural) and 22 basic themes as dimensions of the role of media in investing and financing in the sports tourism industry. Also, by examining the frequencies of each of the organizing themes, it was found that the motivational and informational organizing theme is more frequent than the other themes. Considering the prominent role of various media on the development of investment and financing in the sports tourism industry, solving its challenges should be one of the main goals of sports media development programs, which is recommended by the media. So it is recommended that different media use the results of the present study.
Research Paper
Sports Media
Maryam Sadat MahdiEslam; AliMohamad Safaniya; Mohsen Bagherian Farah Abadi; Seyed SalahoAldin Naghshbandi
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to design a match day revenue generation model for Iran's premier football league clubs, emphasizing the role of the media. This study employed a descriptive-survey approach for its practical purpose and utilized a mixed-method design for data collection. The thematic ...
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The purpose of this research was to design a match day revenue generation model for Iran's premier football league clubs, emphasizing the role of the media. This study employed a descriptive-survey approach for its practical purpose and utilized a mixed-method design for data collection. The thematic analysis method was applied in the qualitative section, while the structural equation modeling method was used in the quantitative section. In the qualitative part, participants included two categories: human resources (professors, managers, specialists, etc.) and information sources (books, articles, documents, media, etc.). Sampling was conducted sufficiently and through a judgment method until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in 16 participants. In the quantitative segment, the statistical population comprised all managers and officials of the media departments of Iranian football clubs, including teams in both the professional league and the first division, totaling 68 individuals. The research tools in the qualitative part included a systematic literature review and structured exploratory interviews. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire derived from the qualitative findings was utilized, consisting of 25 questions. Based on the extracted conceptual framework, 25 conceptual codes were identified during open coding. Axial coding revealed five axial codes: educational, pathology, information, ticket sales, and advertising. In selective coding, it was determined that educational factors influence information, pathology, ticket sales, and advertising, while information and advertising factors affect ticket sales. In the quantitative analysis, relationships were established, showing that advertising had a significant impact on ticket sales (2.779), information influenced ticket sales (4.003), training affected advertising (3.834), and ticket sales (12.858). Furthermore, information (6.699) and pathology (8.887) also showed values greater than 1.96, confirming their significance.Given the prominent role of various media in developing revenue generation for sports clubs, addressing the associated challenges should be a primary goal of media development programs. It is recommended that different media outlets leverage the results of this research.
Research Paper
Sports Media
Fatemeh Javadi; Adel Afkhar; Majid Solimani
Abstract
The current research was designed and implemented to examine the role of social media in the success and continuity of private sports clubs. This study utilized a descriptive-survey approach for its practical purpose, employing a mixed method for data collection. In the qualitative portion, the research ...
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The current research was designed and implemented to examine the role of social media in the success and continuity of private sports clubs. This study utilized a descriptive-survey approach for its practical purpose, employing a mixed method for data collection. In the qualitative portion, the research population included sports management professors who had conducted at least two studies related to media and sports clubs, as well as managers of public and private sports clubs with doctoral degrees. Purposeful sampling was employed for this segment. In the quantitative portion, the statistical population consisted of all managers of public and private sports clubs in Hamadan city, totaling 109 individuals. The research tools included semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. For analyzing the qualitative data, open, axial, and selective coding methods were utilized, while structural equation modeling was applied in the quantitative analysis. The results yielded two general components: social media and the success and continuity of sports clubs. Additionally, the findings indicated that the research model demonstrated a good fit. Consequently, managers of private sports clubs should prioritize improving their management systems, enhancing financial support, and utilizing expert human resources to achieve significant success in their endeavors.
Research Paper
Sport Communication
siavash khodaparast; Meghdad Farajpour Pirbasti; vahid Bakhshalipour
Abstract
Managing diversity by leveraging ethical commitment and reducing burnout can positively impact organizations. This study aimed to develop a relationship model connecting diversity management with burnout and the ethical commitment of sports journalists. Descriptive-correlation statistical method was ...
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Managing diversity by leveraging ethical commitment and reducing burnout can positively impact organizations. This study aimed to develop a relationship model connecting diversity management with burnout and the ethical commitment of sports journalists. Descriptive-correlation statistical method was used to analyze the data. 162 sports reporters were selected as the research sample. The data collection tools were standard Maslach burnout questionnaires, Hashemi's moral commitment and William Mill's diversity management questionnaires. To evaluate the dimensions of the studied variables and assess the validity of the structure, confirmatory factor analysis and to test the research hypotheses, after collecting data, according to the research objectives and questions, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analyses were performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between burnout and moral commitment with diversity management. The results indicate that burnout and moral commitment predict 28% of the variance in diversity management. Also, the beta of job burnout and moral commitment are equal to 0.19 and 0.38, respectively, which significantly predict diversity management. Based on these findings, it is crucial to focus on diversity management to prevent burnout and enhance the moral commitment of sports reporters.
Research Paper
Sports Media
Mohammad Hassan Ferdowsi; seyed reza musavi
Abstract
This research aimed to determine the effect of media literacy on the physical literacy of sports audiences. The study was descriptive in nature, focused on practical applications, and employed a field survey method for data collection. The statistical population included all audiences in Arak city who ...
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This research aimed to determine the effect of media literacy on the physical literacy of sports audiences. The study was descriptive in nature, focused on practical applications, and employed a field survey method for data collection. The statistical population included all audiences in Arak city who followed provincial and national sports programs through various media, such as television, magazines, and online platforms. To determine the statistical sample, a non-random convenience sampling method was used, resulting in the distribution of 250 questionnaires. Ultimately, 200 questionnaires were returned and analyzed. Standard questionnaires were used to collect data. Tamman’s media literacy questionnaire (1995) with 59 items was utilized to assess media literacy, while the standard physical literacy questionnaire by Sam et al. (2016), which contains 9 items, was employed to measure physical literacy. After verifying the content validity of the research instruments, Cronbach's alpha test was conducted with input from eight sports management professors to determine the reliability of the questionnaires, yielding coefficients above 0.7. To test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was employed using SPSS version 24 and PLS version 3 software. The findings indicated that media literacy has a significant effect on physical literacy and its dimensions, which include audience understanding and knowledge, self-perception and self-confidence, as well as self-expression and communication with others. Given their educational role, the media can effectively promote sports and physical activities among audiences, increasing their awareness of physical activities.