Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Associate Professor of Sport Management, Razi University, Kermanshah
2 Ph. D. Student of Management Marketing and Media in Sport, Razi University, Kermanshah
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the sport corruption in Iran during the period 2007-2017. In this study, documentary method has been used with content-analysis approach. The analysis unit was the official national media reports that were searched for by the key word «sport corruption Based on the TASP model, corrupt activities were investigated in four levels. The first level includes a variety of corruptions, of which 12 were identified, and doping with 34% was the highest among them. The second level, is the activity level, that shows the people involved in corruption. The results at the third or sector level showed that 24 different sports were directly affected by corruption, of which soccer with 933 media reports had the most frequently reported corrupt activities in media. And at the fourth level, the Premier League, the Grassroots, the first league, the youth, and the second and third leagues, had the highest rates of conflict with corruption, respectively. A ten-year review of the country's media has shown that corruption has been rising rapidly in recent years in an unprecedented way. The real battle with this phenomenon is realized through the reflection of news and information in a professional and dispassionately manner. The media, with reporting and disclosure, have such a capacity that they can make the atmosphere insecure for offenders and destroy many of the impure fields in the country's sport.
Keywords
- Ashforth, B., & Anand, V. (2003). The normalization of corruption in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior Volume 25, 1-52.
- Bayle, E., & Rayner, H. (2016). Sociology of a scandal: the emergence of FIFAgate 593-611.
- Bures, R. (2008) Why sport is not immune to corruption. Transparency International Czech Republic, EPAS; 2008.
- Carpenter, K. (2012). Match-Fixing in London Olympic Year Scandals, Lessons & Policy Developments. Solicitor, LLP &, LawInSport.
- Clausen, J. & Bayle, E. & Giauque, D. & Kaisa, R. & Grazia, L3. & Siegfried, N. (2018). Drivers of and Barriers to Professionalization in International Sport Federations 25 (2): 212–49.
- Della Porta, D. (2000) Social capital, beliefs in government and political corruption. In: Pharr, SJ, Putnam, RD (eds) Disaffected Democracies: What’s Troubling the Trilateral Countries? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 202–228.
- Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A (2012) The Hidden Order of Corruption: An institutional approach, ISBN: 978-0-7546-7899-1.
- Giyorian, H. (2013). The role of mass media in controlling corruption. Seventh Year, No. 17. (Persian)
- Gorse, S., & Chadwick, S (2009) Corruption in Sport: Implications for Sport Marketing. Working Paper Series No. 9. Coventry: The Centre for the International Business of Sport.
- Gorse, S., & Chadwick, S. (2011). The prevalence of corruption in international sport: A statistical analysis. Coventry: Centre for the International Business of Sport. URL http://www. egba. eu/pdf/ Report-FINAL. pdf Accessed 2. 1. 15.
- Graycar, A. (2015). Corruption: Classification and analysis. Policy and Society, 34 (3).
- Graycar, A., & Prenzler, T. (2013). Understanding and preventing corruption. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Hill, D. (2009a) To fix or not to fix? How corruptors decide to fix football matches. Global Crime 10 (3): 157–177. Google Scholar, Crossref. ISI.
- Hill, D. (2009b) How gambling corruptors fix football matches. European Sport Management Quarterly 9 (4): 411–432. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI.
- Hill, D. (2010) The Fix: Soccer and Organized Crime. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. G.
- Holmstrom, B. R. , (1979); Moral Hazard and Observability, the Bell Journal of Economics, Spring, 74-91.
- Holden, J., & Rodenberg, R. (2015). The sports bribery act: a law and economics approach.
18. Jancsics, D. (2014) Interdisciplinary perspectives on corruption. Sociology Compass 8 (4): 358–372. Google Scholar, Crossref.
19. Jensen, M. C. , & Meckling W. H. , (1976); Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure, Journal of Financial Economics (October): 305-360.
20. Kjeldsen, E. (1992). The manager’s role in the development and maintenance of ethicalbehavior in the sport organization. Journal of Sport Management, 6 (2): 99-113.
21.Masters, A. (2015). Corruption in sport: From the playing field to the field of policy. Policy and Society, 34 (2), 111-123. doi: doi:10. 1016/ j. polsoc. 2015. 04. 002.
22.Manase, Ch., (2015). The problem with african football: corruption and the (under) Development of the game on the continent. AFRICAN SPORTS LAW AND BUSINESS BULLETIN.
23.Manning, D. (2008). Common corruption of the mTOR signaling network in human tumors, Oncogene volume27, doi:10. 1038/ 43–S51.
24.Maennig, W. (2005). Corruption in International sports and sport management : Forms, tendencies , extent and countermeasures European Sports Management Qaarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2, 187-205.
25.Miller, D.M. (1980). Ethics in sport: Pardoxes, perplexities and a proposal. Quest, 32 (1), 3-7.
26.Moriconi, M. (2017). Corruption in Latin America, Stereotypes of Politicians and Their Implications for Affect and Perceived Justice, Vol 9, Issue 2, 2018.
27.Molaei, N. (2006). Professionalism and Employee Engagement (Research at National Iranian Oil Company) Thesis of Ph. D. in Public Administration, Allameh Tabataba'i University. (Persian)
28.Najafi Kooluri, M., Goodarzi, M., & Farahani, A., & Behdendhi, H. Esmaeili (2012). Factors Affecting Corruption in Sport Organizations (Case Study of Corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran Football Federation). Number 14 - Successive No. 1168236, 109-122. (Persian)
29.Namazi, M. (2005). Investigating the applications of representation theory in management accounting. Journal of Social and Human Sciences, University of Shiraz, Volume 22, Number 2. (Persian)
30.Numerato, D. (2015). orruption and Public Secrecy: An ethnography of football match‐fixing. Sage Journal, First Published September 25.
31.Numerato, D. & Baglioni, S (2012) The dark side of social capital: An ethnography of sport governance. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 47 (5): 594–611. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI.
32.Numerato, D. (2009). The media and sports corruption: An outline of sociological understanding International Journal of sport Communication, 2; 261-273.
33.Paoli, L. , & Donati, A. (2013). The Sports Doping Market: Understanding Supply and Demand, and the Challenges of Their Control New York: Springer.
34.Prenzler, T. (2009). Police corruption: Preventing misconduct and maintaining integrity. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
35.Peurala, J. (2013). Match-manipulation in football—the challenges faced in Finland. The International Sports Law Journal, 13 (3-4), 268-286. http://dx. doi. org/10. 1007/s40318-013.
36.Pitsch, W., Emrich, E., & Klein, M (2007) Doping in elite sports in Germany: Results of a www survey. European Journal of Sport and Society 4: 89–102.
37.Pitsch, W., & Emrich, E. (2012). The Frequency of Doping in Elite Sport - Results of a Replication Study. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 47 (5):559-580.
38.Sidebottom, AL., & Graycar, A. (2013) Corruption and Control: A Corruption Reduction Approach. Journal of Financial Crime, 19 (4) 384-399.
39.Shajia, R., Kozhe chian, H., Ehsani, M., & Amiri, M. (2012). The impact of individual environments, Political, legal, and economic aspects of Iranian soccer on the ethical decision making of professional players. Applied Research in Management and Life Sciences in Sport, No. 3, 19-26. (Persian)
40.Tan, C. W. , S. L. Pan, & E. T. K. Lim. (2005). Towards the Restoration of Public Trust in Electronic Governments: A Case Study of the E-filing System in Singapore Proceedings of the 38 th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS’05)-Track 5, Hawaii.
41.Thomas, M. A., & Meagher, P. (2004) ‘A corruption primer: An overview of concepts in the corruption literature. ’ The Iris Discussion Papers on Institutions & Development no. 04/03 February, Center for Institutional Reform and the Informal Sector, University of Maryland.
42. Zare, A., Heidarinejad, S., & Rezvan, S.A. (2017). The Impact of Mass Media on the Control of Corruption in Soccer. Communication Management in Sports Media; Year 3, Serial No. 12; Summer 95; 13-26. (Persian)
)