Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Associate Professor of Sports Management, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The media play an important role in creating identity for sports and promoting them in society. The purpose of this study was to identify the performance of the media in reflecting the identity of sports and encouraging society to participate in them. Exploratory mixed research method included qualitative method using nominal interview and questionnaire survey method were used in the research. The participants in the qualitative section consisted of 27 professionals and athletes who were purposefully selected and the population in the survey consisted of athletes who were members of national teams or those who were invited to national team camps, and also coaches and veterans of 13 sports. The research tools in the qualitative section were pen and paper, audio recording and semi-structured questions, and in the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that the role of media was identified with two categories of identity creation, including sub-categories of cultural development and sports management methods, as well as promotion with sub-categories of marketing and public participation. Also Findings showed that the most media focus in most sports was on introducing sports heroes as role model, and in martial arts, more attention was paid to cultural categories than other issues. It is suggested that the media pay attention to cultural values in introducing sports so that sports can be used as a cultural tool to guide and attract young people to sports.
Keywords
Abdavi, F. (2011). The role of media in the development of sports culture in women’s leisure. Communication Research, 18(68), 31-50. (Persian)
Abdavi, F., Hafezi, V., & Pashaei, S. (2018). Explain the impact of media on the development of championship and public sports in a positive attitude towards sports. Paper presented at the Fourth National Conference on Sports Science and Physical Education of Iran, Tehran. (Persian)
Affolter, F. (2017). The effects of sport media on children’s sports participation: The influence of gender, and social Background. Reseach Proposal. 1-31. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15601.79205
Aghajani, N., Majidi, N., & Askari Kachosenki, J. (2013). Investigating the role of the country’s sports media on the promotion of sports in the community of veterans and the disabled. Communication Culture, 3(10), 227-249. (Persian)
Aliabadi, S., Sajjadi, S., Ahasemi, H., & Kordi, M. (2018). The role of mass media in the development of human resources, financial resources and facilities and championship sport infrastructure. Sport Management Studies, doi: 10.22089/SMRJ.2017.4957.1964. (Persian)
Arabnarmi, B. (2018). Sport development in TV: A study by discourse theory approach. Communication Management in Sport Media, 5(4), 53-62. (Persian)
Asadi, A., & Rezaei Sufi, M. (2014). Investigating the current and favorable situation of the role of mass media in the development of volleyball in sports science students. Journal of Communication Management in Sports Media, 2(5), 63-59. (Persian)
Assadollahi, E., Tojari, F., & Zarei, A. (2017). Investigating the relationship and comparing the effect of advertising and promotional media on the transfer of brand identity and the level of sports commitment in football. Communication Management in Sports Media, 4(3), 15-25. (Persian)
Atashbar, S., Azm, F., Naderian, M., & Soltan, M. (2015). Viewpoint components with emphasis on sports and sports broadcasting (Case: Lorestan province, central, Isfahan). Communication Management in Sport Media, 2(2), 30-40. (Persian)
Azin, A., & Pirmohammadi, K. (2008). Investigating the role of new media with emphasis on satellite and Internet on students’ cultural identity. Journal of Social
Sciences, 2(2), 157-139. (Persian)
Bagherzadeh, F., Hadiyan, M., Ghafouri, M., & Azadi, A. (2017). A comparison of Motivational Traits in Skilled and Novice Athletes in Individual and Team Sports in Some Selected Sport Fields. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement, 8(4), 563-574. (Persian)Bani Nosrat, A., Hosseinpour, B., Qiami Rad, A., & Mohammadpour, H. (2012). Relationship between wrestlers’ levels of sport performance and their individual and social identity. Journal of Sociology Studies, 5(17), 91-105. (Persian)
Brewer, B. W., Van Raalte, L. L., & Linder, D. E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules muscles or achilles heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(2), 237-254.
Dibachi, F. (2005). The effect of TV commercials on the attitude and behavior of married women in Tehran towards the purchase of advertised goods. Communication Research Quarterly, 41, 1-20. (Persian)
Farzan, F., Hosseini, S. E., & Sadeghian, Z. (2014). Investigating the role of mass media in the tendency of the people of Hamedan to public sports. Journal of Sports Management and Motor Behavior, 10(20), 35- 44. (Persian)
Gelard, P., Moradi, M., & Azizi, D. (2019). Analyzing the state of production of sport TV shows. Strategic Studies on Youth ans Sports, 18(43), 211-228. (Persian)
Ghareh, M. A., Safari, M., & Nayeri S. (2016). Reconstruction of the functions of national media for the development of recreational sports: Strategies and guidelines. Journal of Sports Management and Motor Behavior, 6(11), 63-76. (Persian)
Ghasemi, H. (2015). The role of television in ethics in football from the perspective of Iranian Premier League and first division players. Quarterly Journal of Communication Research, 22(81), 101-83. (Persian)
Ghasemi, H., Farahani, A., Shakarami, Z., & Hoseini, S. (2013). Content analysis of sports programs with emphasis on state television coverage of women’s sport. Communication Management in Sport Media, 1(2), 23-30. (Persian)
Jafari, S., Akbari khooshe Mehr, B., Sadegi, H., & Shargi, A. (2018). The role of mass media informing about sailing races of Maragheh city on the development of the field. Communication Management in Sport Media, 6(2), 99-110.
Jahandideh, A. A., & Hemmati, Sh. (2011). A survey of athleticism and sports identity of athletes participating in the second decentralized Olympiad of region 9 of Islamic Azad University. Research in Sports Science, 10, 73-88. (Persian)
Kashker, S., Ghasemi, H., & Farid Fathi, A. (2017). Comparison of sports culture components among elite athletes in Iranian sports. Research Project. Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran. (Persian)
Keshkar, S., Ghasemi, H., & Karegar, G. (2016). Definition of sports culture and its components regarding to experts, athletes and sport authorities’ opinions in Iran. Scientific Journal of Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies, 3(4), 11-22. (Persian)
Keshkar, S., Karegar, G., & Biniaz, R. (2015). The role of television sport programs in transmitting moral values and modeling of high school students of Islamabad Gharb city. Journal of Sport Management, 7(4), 601- 619. (Persian)
Khajeh Salehani, M., & Qaraati, A. (2012). Investigating the difference between sports identity and social identity among national athletes in team and individual sports. Papser presented at the International Conference on Physical Education and Sports. Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ministry of Research and Technology, Tehran. (Persian)
Khoshgadam, Z., Kashker, S., & Shahlaei, J. (2018). The role of mass media promotion and information activities in students’ tendency to use bicycles. Paper presented at the Second National Conference on Sports Communication. Payame Noor University, Shahriar Branch. (Persian)
Kumar, M. (2018). Role of media in sports. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 3(1), 135-137.
Mallaei, M., & Salimi, A. (2019). Content analysis of media coverage of corruption in Iran’s football: Case study of TV program 90. Communication Management in Sport Media, 7(2), 111-120. (Persian)
Martin, J. J, Ekland, R. C., & Muscheltt, C. A. (1997). Factor structure of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale with athletes with disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 14(1), 74-82.
Mohammadnia, J., Taybi Falehi, H., & Asl Marz, M. (2016). The impact of visual media on women’s tendency to public sports. Paper presented at the Second National Conference on New Achievements in Physical Education and Sports, Tehran. (Persian)
Mokhtari, M. A. (2009). Media and orientation of public opinion in public decision making. Social Sciences, 24, 70-77. (Persian)
Nova, J. (2016). Social media in sport and their influence on culture of sports organizations. Paper presented at the 8th International Research Conference Management Challenges in the 21st Century, Bratislava.
Pilar, P. M., Rafael, M. C., Félix, Z. O., & Gabriel, G. V. (2019). Impact of sports mass media on the behav-ior and health of society. A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 486.
Rahimi, M., Khaksar, M., Azimzadeh, E., & Pashaei, M. (2017). Investigating the dimensions of sportsmanship in male athletes in team and individual disciplines according to the diversity of educational levels and age of these individuals. Quarterly Journal of Physiology and Management Research in Sport, 9(3), 65-74. (Persian)
Rihani, M., Abedinpour, A., & Rouhani, M. (2015). Media and its impact on people’s attitudes and tendencies to sports. Paper presented at the First National Conference on Applied Studies in Sports Science, Tehran. (Persian)
Roshandel Arbatani, T. (2007). Explain the position of mass media in institutionalizing public sports in the country. Harakat, 33(33), 165-177. (Persian)
Sayyadi, A., Heydari, S., & Bozorg Omid, M. (2017). Study the role of quartet of media in promotion of sports students. Communication Management in Sport Media, 4(2), 21-29. (Persian)
Shokrani, E., & Aghapour, S. M. (2014). Content analysis of sport programs in IRIB. Contemporary Research in Sports Management, 4(8), 81-92. (Persian)
Vatandoost, M., & Nasirzadeh, A. (2012). Identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Wrestling Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the bottlenecks and challenges facing it. Paper presented at thr First Conference on Science and Wrestling, Tehran. (Persian)
Abdavi, F., Hafezi, V., & Pashaei, S. (2018). Explain the impact of media on the development of championship and public sports in a positive attitude towards sports. Paper presented at the Fourth National Conference on Sports Science and Physical Education of Iran, Tehran. (Persian)
Affolter, F. (2017). The effects of sport media on children’s sports participation: The influence of gender, and social Background. Reseach Proposal. 1-31. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15601.79205
Aghajani, N., Majidi, N., & Askari Kachosenki, J. (2013). Investigating the role of the country’s sports media on the promotion of sports in the community of veterans and the disabled. Communication Culture, 3(10), 227-249. (Persian)
Aliabadi, S., Sajjadi, S., Ahasemi, H., & Kordi, M. (2018). The role of mass media in the development of human resources, financial resources and facilities and championship sport infrastructure. Sport Management Studies, doi: 10.22089/SMRJ.2017.4957.1964. (Persian)
Arabnarmi, B. (2018). Sport development in TV: A study by discourse theory approach. Communication Management in Sport Media, 5(4), 53-62. (Persian)
Asadi, A., & Rezaei Sufi, M. (2014). Investigating the current and favorable situation of the role of mass media in the development of volleyball in sports science students. Journal of Communication Management in Sports Media, 2(5), 63-59. (Persian)
Assadollahi, E., Tojari, F., & Zarei, A. (2017). Investigating the relationship and comparing the effect of advertising and promotional media on the transfer of brand identity and the level of sports commitment in football. Communication Management in Sports Media, 4(3), 15-25. (Persian)
Atashbar, S., Azm, F., Naderian, M., & Soltan, M. (2015). Viewpoint components with emphasis on sports and sports broadcasting (Case: Lorestan province, central, Isfahan). Communication Management in Sport Media, 2(2), 30-40. (Persian)
Azin, A., & Pirmohammadi, K. (2008). Investigating the role of new media with emphasis on satellite and Internet on students’ cultural identity. Journal of Social
Sciences, 2(2), 157-139. (Persian)
Bagherzadeh, F., Hadiyan, M., Ghafouri, M., & Azadi, A. (2017). A comparison of Motivational Traits in Skilled and Novice Athletes in Individual and Team Sports in Some Selected Sport Fields. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement, 8(4), 563-574. (Persian)Bani Nosrat, A., Hosseinpour, B., Qiami Rad, A., & Mohammadpour, H. (2012). Relationship between wrestlers’ levels of sport performance and their individual and social identity. Journal of Sociology Studies, 5(17), 91-105. (Persian)
Brewer, B. W., Van Raalte, L. L., & Linder, D. E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules muscles or achilles heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(2), 237-254.
Dibachi, F. (2005). The effect of TV commercials on the attitude and behavior of married women in Tehran towards the purchase of advertised goods. Communication Research Quarterly, 41, 1-20. (Persian)
Farzan, F., Hosseini, S. E., & Sadeghian, Z. (2014). Investigating the role of mass media in the tendency of the people of Hamedan to public sports. Journal of Sports Management and Motor Behavior, 10(20), 35- 44. (Persian)
Gelard, P., Moradi, M., & Azizi, D. (2019). Analyzing the state of production of sport TV shows. Strategic Studies on Youth ans Sports, 18(43), 211-228. (Persian)
Ghareh, M. A., Safari, M., & Nayeri S. (2016). Reconstruction of the functions of national media for the development of recreational sports: Strategies and guidelines. Journal of Sports Management and Motor Behavior, 6(11), 63-76. (Persian)
Ghasemi, H. (2015). The role of television in ethics in football from the perspective of Iranian Premier League and first division players. Quarterly Journal of Communication Research, 22(81), 101-83. (Persian)
Ghasemi, H., Farahani, A., Shakarami, Z., & Hoseini, S. (2013). Content analysis of sports programs with emphasis on state television coverage of women’s sport. Communication Management in Sport Media, 1(2), 23-30. (Persian)
Jafari, S., Akbari khooshe Mehr, B., Sadegi, H., & Shargi, A. (2018). The role of mass media informing about sailing races of Maragheh city on the development of the field. Communication Management in Sport Media, 6(2), 99-110.
Jahandideh, A. A., & Hemmati, Sh. (2011). A survey of athleticism and sports identity of athletes participating in the second decentralized Olympiad of region 9 of Islamic Azad University. Research in Sports Science, 10, 73-88. (Persian)
Kashker, S., Ghasemi, H., & Farid Fathi, A. (2017). Comparison of sports culture components among elite athletes in Iranian sports. Research Project. Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran. (Persian)
Keshkar, S., Ghasemi, H., & Karegar, G. (2016). Definition of sports culture and its components regarding to experts, athletes and sport authorities’ opinions in Iran. Scientific Journal of Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies, 3(4), 11-22. (Persian)
Keshkar, S., Karegar, G., & Biniaz, R. (2015). The role of television sport programs in transmitting moral values and modeling of high school students of Islamabad Gharb city. Journal of Sport Management, 7(4), 601- 619. (Persian)
Khajeh Salehani, M., & Qaraati, A. (2012). Investigating the difference between sports identity and social identity among national athletes in team and individual sports. Papser presented at the International Conference on Physical Education and Sports. Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ministry of Research and Technology, Tehran. (Persian)
Khoshgadam, Z., Kashker, S., & Shahlaei, J. (2018). The role of mass media promotion and information activities in students’ tendency to use bicycles. Paper presented at the Second National Conference on Sports Communication. Payame Noor University, Shahriar Branch. (Persian)
Kumar, M. (2018). Role of media in sports. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 3(1), 135-137.
Mallaei, M., & Salimi, A. (2019). Content analysis of media coverage of corruption in Iran’s football: Case study of TV program 90. Communication Management in Sport Media, 7(2), 111-120. (Persian)
Martin, J. J, Ekland, R. C., & Muscheltt, C. A. (1997). Factor structure of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale with athletes with disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 14(1), 74-82.
Mohammadnia, J., Taybi Falehi, H., & Asl Marz, M. (2016). The impact of visual media on women’s tendency to public sports. Paper presented at the Second National Conference on New Achievements in Physical Education and Sports, Tehran. (Persian)
Mokhtari, M. A. (2009). Media and orientation of public opinion in public decision making. Social Sciences, 24, 70-77. (Persian)
Nova, J. (2016). Social media in sport and their influence on culture of sports organizations. Paper presented at the 8th International Research Conference Management Challenges in the 21st Century, Bratislava.
Pilar, P. M., Rafael, M. C., Félix, Z. O., & Gabriel, G. V. (2019). Impact of sports mass media on the behav-ior and health of society. A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 486.
Rahimi, M., Khaksar, M., Azimzadeh, E., & Pashaei, M. (2017). Investigating the dimensions of sportsmanship in male athletes in team and individual disciplines according to the diversity of educational levels and age of these individuals. Quarterly Journal of Physiology and Management Research in Sport, 9(3), 65-74. (Persian)
Rihani, M., Abedinpour, A., & Rouhani, M. (2015). Media and its impact on people’s attitudes and tendencies to sports. Paper presented at the First National Conference on Applied Studies in Sports Science, Tehran. (Persian)
Roshandel Arbatani, T. (2007). Explain the position of mass media in institutionalizing public sports in the country. Harakat, 33(33), 165-177. (Persian)
Sayyadi, A., Heydari, S., & Bozorg Omid, M. (2017). Study the role of quartet of media in promotion of sports students. Communication Management in Sport Media, 4(2), 21-29. (Persian)
Shokrani, E., & Aghapour, S. M. (2014). Content analysis of sport programs in IRIB. Contemporary Research in Sports Management, 4(8), 81-92. (Persian)
Vatandoost, M., & Nasirzadeh, A. (2012). Identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Wrestling Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the bottlenecks and challenges facing it. Paper presented at thr First Conference on Science and Wrestling, Tehran. (Persian)
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