Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Sport as a social phenomenon, influences different stakeholders. therefore It will experience problems and crises in this process. The aim of this study is Understanding Lived Experience of Sports Public Relations Managers from Media Crisis. Research was carried out by qualitative method and through phenomenological approach. The 16 participants were selected from the purposeful sampling. Through deep and phenomenological interviews, data were collected. data were analyzed by using the seven – step Diekelman`s (1989) approach. According to the data analysis, five categories of meanings were identified about the media crisis. They are: Reducing the prestige and reputation of organization, Lack of prospecting and transparency, deliberative and actively responding to crisis, evaluating on time and selection of best practices, Information ambiguity and confusing of interests of the stakeholders. These concepts of experienced in the life-world of sport relations managers are Constitutions of their social action. In case of proper analysis and application, they can be helpful in better managing sport media crises.
Keywords
- Arpan, L. M., & Pompper, D. (2002).Stormy weather: testing stealing Thunder as a crisis communication strategy to improve communication flow between organization and journalists. public relation review, 29,291- 308.
2. Asghari-Alaei, H., Hami, M., & Shojaei, V.(2017) . Investigating affecting factors on crisis management in mazandaran provinceand rating them. First International Conference new researches on Sportsciences and Physical Education, Hamedan.(In Persian)
3. Broch, T. B. (2020). Media and Sport Enchantment: Narrative, Myth, and Games of Modernity. In A Performative Feel for theGame (pp. 43 -81). Palgrave Macmillan,Cham.
4. Brown, N., & Billings, A. (2013) Sports fansas crisis communicators on social medi awebsites. Public Relations Review, 39(1), 74-81.
5. Bruce, T., & Tini, T. (2008).Unique crisis response strategies in sports public relations: Rugby league and the case for diversion. Public RelationsReview, 34(2), 108-115.
6. Brueckner, S . (2006). German Olympians’Experiences of Competing at the 2004Athens Games. Ph.D diss, University ofTennessee.
7. Claeys, A. S. (2017). Better safe than sorry:Why organizations in crisis should never hesitate to steal thunder. Business Horizons,41(3), 293-300.
8. Coakley, J. J. (2009). Sports in society:Issues and controversies (10th ed.). Boston,MA: McGrawHill.
9. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiryand research design: Choosing among fiveapproaches. Sage publications.
10. DanaeeFard, H., & Kazemi, H. (2010)Interpretative researches on organization:Phenomenology and phenomenographystrategies. Tehran: Emam Sadegh University Publication. (In Persian)
11. Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.).(2000). Handbook of qualitative research(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Duncan, K., & Zabara, N. (2017) Preventingdamage: The psychologyof crisis communication buffers inorganized sports. Public RelationsReview, 43(1), 193-200.
13. Ebadi, H .A .(2010). Application of thephenomenological Research Method inClinical Sciences. Quarterly of strategy,19(54), 207-224. (In Persian)
14. Edwards . A., & Skinner. J . (2009).Qualitative research in sport management.Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
15. Eftekhari, A. (2008). Crisis mediamanagement. Journal of CommunicationResearch, 15(55), 31-53. (In Persian)
16. Eyvazi, M.R. (2008). media Crisis study:media is power of 21 century. Journal ofCommunication Research, 15(55), 55-80. (InPersian)
17. Keshavarz, L., & Marvi Esfahani, N. (2018).An Analysis of Factors Causing Crisis inSport for All. New Trends in SportManagement, 6(21), 51-67.
18. HajiMohamadi, A., & Montazerghaem, M.(2015). Media and international and regionalcrises: The default critical analysis ofTurkish press articles on the Syrian crisis. Quarterly Review of Political Science, 11(1),145-177. (In Persian)
19. Hino.Y., & Takeda., F. (2019). Marketreactions to sport sponsorshipannouncements: Comparison betweensponsors and their rivals. Sport ManagementReview, In press, corrected proof, Availableonline 27 February2019.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.002.
20. Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (2002).Qualitative Research for Nurses, 2nd Edit.Oxford, BlackWell Science.
21. Liang, L. (2019). Crafting Resonance in aSports Media Event: The Olympic Games asa transnational social drama. JournalismStudies, 20(3), 401-422.
22. Meer, T., Verhoeven, P., Beentjes, H., &Vliegenthart, R. (2017). Communication intimes of crisis: The stakeholder relationship under pressure. Public Relations Review, 12(3), 231-246.
23. Mull, R., Kathryn, F., Bayless, G., Craing,M. R., & Jamieson, L. M. (2005). Recreationsport management. 4th Edition. HumanKinetics, London.
24.Nasrolahi, A. (2012). How to manage thecrisis by media and effective factors on itsfunction, Quarterly of media, 23(1), 149-164. (In Persian)
25. Nayyeri, S., & Safari, M. (2016). Inquiryinto the applications of communicationt heories in the field of sport: Instagram content analysis with a focus on Uses and gratifications theory. Communication Management in Sport Media, 3(4), 45-58. (InPersian)
26. Nieswiadomy, R.M. (1998). Foundation ofnursing research (3rd ed.). USA: Appletonand Lange.
27. Patton. M.Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluationand research methods (second ed. Vol. 14).Newbury, CA: Sage.
28. Pilar, P. M., Rafael, M. C., Félix, Z. O., &Gabriel, G. V. (2019). Impact of sports massmedia on the behavior and health of society.A systematic review. International journal of en vironmental research and public health, 16(3), 486.
29.Ritchie, B. W. (2004). Chaos, crisis anddisasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Journalof Tourism Management, 25, 669- 683.
30. Roshandel-Arbtani, T. (2007). Role ofmedia management in crisis transformation from threat to opportunity. Journal of Communication Research, 15(55), 141-162. (In Persian)
31. Salavatian, S., & Roshandel-Arbetan, T.(2011). managing crisis through media: apredictive approach. Quarterly Journal of Communication Research, 18(2), 149-176.
32.Shahmansouri, A., & Mozafari, A. H.(2005). the em ergence of sports crises and the method of preventing them in the fieldsof software, hardware and Media. Journal of research on sport sciences, 12 , 87-106. (InPersian)
33.Wang, D. (2019). Three Problems of SportsCommunication in China in the New Media Era. In The First International Symposiumon Management and Social Sciences (ISMSS2019). Atlantis Press.
34.Wylleman, P. (2019). An organizational perspective on applied sport psychology inelite sport. Psychology of Sport andExercise, 42, 89-99
35.Yousefi, B., & Naseri, A. (2019). Analysis ofIran's Sports Corruption Activities Using the TASP Model. Communication Managementin Sport Media, 6(3), 23-38. (In Persian)
)