نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی
چکیده
»جنگ بدون شلیک« تعبیری از دیپلماسی عمومی در جهان امروز است؛ این مفهوم از سه بعد اساسی هنر، آموزش و ورزش تشکیل شده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین جایگاه ورزش در توسعۀ دیپلماسی عمومی در قالب مدلی تجربی انجام شد. این
پژوهش به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی بود که با بررسی بیش از 100 مقاله، کتاب، یادداشت، خبر و مصاحبه طی سالهای 1394 تا 1398 انجام شد. پس از تحلیل متن متون و تحلیل مصاحبه با صاحبنظران با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی، یافته های پژوهش نشان داد
که 99 مفهوم مرتبط با ورزش در توسعۀ تعامالت دیپلماتیک عمومی کشورها شناسایی شدند. این مفاهیم با توجه به تجربیات و نظر متخصصان در سه سطح طبقه بندی شدند. با توجه به سطوح طبقه بندی دیپلماسی ورزشی، نتیجۀ ترکیب مفاهیم دیپلماسی دوطرفه،
چندگانه، مردم در مقابل مردم، نرم و دیپلماسی فرهنگی است. با توجه به یافته های پژوهش، ورزش به دلیل جذابیت و اثرگذاری جهانشمول خود نقشی پررنگ در تقویت دیپلماسی عمومی کشورها دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Empirical Model of Sport in Development of Public Diplomacy
نویسندگان [English]
- Mahdi Shariati Feizabadi 1
- AmirHoseyn Monazzami 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Technical and Vocational University (TVU),Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor in Sports Management, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
چکیده [English]
"War minus shooting" is a concept of public diplomacy in today's world; this concept is formed from three essential dimensions of art, education, and sport that the aim of this study was the explanation the place of sport in the development of public diplomacy as an empirical model; The methodology of this study was applied based on evaluating more than 100 articles, books, notes, news, and more from 2015 to 2020. The findings of the study revealed 99 concepts related to sport in developing countries' general diplomatic interactions, which were categorized into three levels according to the experiences and opinions of experts. Given the levels of classification of sports diplomacy, it is the result of combining the concepts of bilateral diplomacy, multiple diplomacy, people to people diplomacy, soft and cultural diplomacy. According to the findings of sport research, because of its "appeal" and "effectiveness", its universal role has a significant role to play in strengthening public diplomacy in countries.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Public Diplomacy
- Sport Diplomacy
- Country
- Appeal
- Effectiveness
2) Amirtash, A. M. (2005). Iran and the Asian games: The largest sports event in the Middle East. Sport in Society, 8(3), 449-467.
3) Azarshab, M., & Ahaninjan, S. (2018). The role and impact of supportive behaviors in promoting and effective public diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Case study of Lebanon). Journal of Strategic Research in Islamic Revolution, 1(37), 69-99. (Persian)
4) Bagheri, Y., Shariati Feizabadi, M., & Nazarian, A. (2017). Soft modelling of sport diplomacy. Journal of Sport Management, 8(40), 797-821. (Persian)
5) Brannagan, P. M.. & Grix, J. (2019). Soft Power Projection via the Olympic Games: Sport as Geopolitical Diplomacy. Media, Sport, Nationalism: East Asia, 616(1), 251-259.
6) Cha, V. (2013). The Asian games and diplomacy in Asia: Korea–China–Russia. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(10), 1176-1187.
7) Chan, S., & Brooke, M. (2019). Gimme diplomacy: A critical discourse analysis on golf diplomacy between Singapore and the United States. Sport in Society, 22(12), 2161-2178.
8) Chehabi, H. E. (2001). Sport diplomacy between the United States and Iran. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12(1), 89-106.
9) Dehghani Firoozabadi, J. (2014). Foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: SAMT Publication. (Persian)
10) Deos, A. (2014). Sport and relational public diplomacy: The case of New Zealand and Rugby World Cup 2011. Sport in Society, 17(9), 1170-1186.
11) Fozooni, B. (2004). Religion, politics and class: Conflict and contestation in the development of football in Iran. Soccer & Society, 5(3), 356-370.
12) Giahshenas, J. (2014). Sport diploacy and future chances. Monthly Journal of Industry and Development, (67), 76-78. (Persian)
13) Grix, J. (2013). Sport politics and the Olympics. Political Studies Review, 11(1), 15-25.
14) Grix, J., & Houlihan, B. (2014). Sports me-ga-events as part of a nation’s soft power strategy: The cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012). The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16(4), 572-596.
15) Khabiri, M. (2018). Sport in public diplomacy. Unpublished Research of Cener os Study and Researches in ministry of Youth and Sport. Tehran. (Persian)
16) Khabiri, M., & Shariatic Feizabadi, M. (2017). Black September: Sport and international terrorism. Tehran: Tik Tak Publication.(Persian)
17) Li, Y. W. (2013). Public diplomacy strategies of the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics: A comparative study. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(15), 1723-1734.
18) Min, D., & Choi, Y. (2019). Sport cooperation in divided Korea: An overstated role of sport diplomacy in South Korea. Sport in Society, 22(8), 1382-1395.
19) Murray, S. (2011). Sports-Diplomacy: A hybrid of two halves. Artigo apresentado no International Symposium on Cultural Diplomacy, 1, 1-25.
20) Murray, S. (2012). The two halves of sports-diplomacy. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 23(3), 576-592.
21) Murray, S. (2013). Moving beyond the Ping-Pong table: Sports diplomacy in the modern diplomatic environment. Public Democracy Magazine, 9, 11-16.
22) Murray, S. (2013). Sports diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8(3-4), 191-195.
23) Murray, S. (2018). Sports diplomacy: Origins, theory and practice. London: Routledge.
24) Murray, S., & Pigman, G. A. (2014). Mapping the relationship between international sport and diplomacy. Sport in Society, 17(9), 1098-1118.
25) Rowe, D. (2019). The worlds that are watching: Media, politics, diplomacy, and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. Communication & Sport, 7(1), 3-22.
26) Sabaqian, A. (2016). Sport diplomacy. Journal of the Study of Communication and Culture, (31), 131-151. (Persian)
27) Sajjadi, N. (2016). Sport and international relations. Tehran: Hatmi. (Persian)
28) Shahbai, H. (2010). Sport diplomacy between Iran and USA. Journal of Dialogue, (42), 7-24. (Persian)
29) Shariati Feizabadi, M. (2019). Comparatative study of sport diplomacy in Iran and selected countries. Political Knowledge Journal, 14(29), 51-83.
30) Shariati Feizabadi, M., & Nazemi, M. (2018). Designing the concept of pe\acemaking role of sport (world against violence and extremism program). Sociocultural Strategies Journal, 6(24), 163-188. (Persian)
31) Shariatic Feizbadi, M., & Goudarzi, M. (2016). The place of sport in Iranian diplomacy: Qualitative approach based on content analysis. Journal of Poilitical Knowledge, 11(2), 95-127. (Persian)
32) Xue, C. Q., Ding, G., Chang, W., & Wan, Y. (2019). Architecture of “Stadium diplomacy”-China-aid sport buildings in Africa. Habitat International Journal, 90, 101985.
33) Yousefi, Gh., Yazdani, E., & Omidi, A. (2018). Use of soft power in Latin America region: Approaches and achievements. Political Knowledge Journal, (28), 169-202.
34) Zardoshtian, Sh., Bakhshi Chenari, A., & Mohamadi Jame, H. (2020). The comparatative study of Experiences and actions of Sport Diplomacy in Iran and selected Countriies. Journal of Comminication Management in Sport Media, (27), 15-27. (Persian)
35) Zintz, T. (2019). Promoting a strategic approach to EU sports diplomacy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Edge Hill University, UK.
)