Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant Professor, Management and Economics Department, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. Student of Public Administration, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Human Resources’ job engagement is one of the most significant reasons for the upsurge of productivity in organizations. This study investigated the moderating role of social capital in the relationship between the attachment style of journalists with unproductive attendance and their job engagement. The present study was descriptive-correlational in terms of its methodology and applied in terms of its purpose. The data were collected by electronic questionnaires. The population of this research comprised the journalists and correspondents working in active sports publications and journals. The sample size was estimated at 90 with respect to Henseler et al.’s (2009) rule. However, for further confidence, the electronic questionnaires were sent to 124 participants, determined by the concurrent use of the convenience and snowball sampling methods, and, finally, 107 completed questionnaires were collected. The partial least squares method and Smart-PLS software were employed for hypotheses testing. The results of the research showed that the Safe attachment style had a significant relationship with job engagement, and the unsafe attachment style had a significant relationship with unproductive attendance. Likewise, social capital moderated the relationship of the attachment style of the sports journalists and correspondents to their job engagement and unproductive attendance.
Keywords
Abed, F., & Elewa, A. H. (2016). The relationship between organizational support, work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior as perceived by staff nurses at different hospitals. Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 5(4), 113-123. (Persian)
Allameh, M., Soltani, F., & Narimani, M. (2014). To study the mediator role of social capital variable on the relationship between talent management and knowledge sharing in organizations (Case to study: All of the staff divisions of Iranian National Petroleum Company and its affiliated branches located in Tehran). Management Research in Iran, 18(2), 127-148. (Persian)
Alifari, M., Vakilifard, H., Banimahd, B., & Royaee, R. (2017). Study of the adjusting role of social capital identy in the realationship between perceiving ommercial social pesponbility and accountants attitude. Quarterly Managament Accounting, 10(34), 69-83. (Persian)
Amani, M., & Shabahang, M. (2017). Investigating the role of anxiety and depression mediators in relationship between teachers’ attachment styles and job satisfaction. Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal, 9(2), 59-70. (Persian)
Asadi, A. (2018). Theree stressful jobs in Iran. World Economy Newspaper, No: 3392724. (Persian)
Bastani,S., Kamali, A., & Salehi Hikui, M. (2008). Social network capital and interpersonal trust. Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities, 3(16), 42-81. (Persian)
Briggs, I. (2017). The influence of attachment styles on employee engagement. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI), 7(7), 1-8.
Emami, M., & Mallaei, M. (2014). The content analysis of sport's news: The case study of third channel TV. Communication Management in Sport Media, 1(3), 20-28. (Persian)
Fryad, L., Khorakiyan, A. R., & Nazemi, S. (2016). Investigating the effect of psychological empowerment on innovative behavior of employees through their work. Journal of Development Evaloution Management, 25,17-26.
Fukuzawa, A., Katagiri, K., Harada, K., Masumoto, K., Chogahara, M., Kondo, N., & Okada, S. (2019). A longitudinal study of the moderating effects of social capital on the relationships between changes in human capital and ikigai among Japanese older adults. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 172- 182.
De Andrade, A. L., & Pedruzzi, P. F. (2020). Development of The Workplace Attachment Scale (WAtS): Evidence of validity and reliability. Ciencias Psicológicas, 14(2), e2298.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382- 388.
Iddagoda, Y. A., & Opatha, H. H. D. N. P. (2017). Identified research gaps in employee engagement. International Business Research, 10(2), 63-73.
Heydari, S. V., Sadeghloo, T., & Sojasi, H. (2015). Explication of social capital role in improvement of rural farmer’s job satisfaction case study area: Rural area of meshkinshahr township. Social Development & Welfare Planning, 6(21), 191-222.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. New Challenges to International Marketing, 20, 277-320.
Ivask, S. (2018). The role of routines, demands and resources in work stress among Estonian journalists. Estonia: University of Tartu.
Huda, K. N. (2018). Job stress among the newspaper reporters in Bangladesh. National Institute of Mass Communication Journal, 2(2), 131-147.
Jaros, S. (2007). Meyer and Allen model of organizational commitment: Measurement issues. The Icfai Journal of Organizational Behavior, 6(4), 7-25. (Persian)
Khodabakhsh, M. (2012). Attachment styles as predictors of empathy in nursing students. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 5, 1-8.
Khodabakhsh, M. R. (2012).Relationship between attachment style and empathy in nursing students. Iran Journal of Nursing, 25(77), 40-49. (Persian)
Keskes, I. (2014). Relationship between leadership styles and dimensions of employee organizational commitment: A critical review and discussion of future directions. Intangible
Capital, 10(1), 26-51.
Kidney, R. A. (2013). The relationship between attachment styles and employee creativity: Evidence from the engineering industry (Doctoral dissertation). Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
Kong, Y. (2009). A study on the job engagement of company employees. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 1(2), 65-68.
Littman-Ovadia, H., Oren, L., & Lavy, S. (2013). Attachment and autonomy in the workplace: New insights. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(4), 502-518.
Liu, M., Wang, N., Wang, P., Wu, H., Ding, X., & Zhao, F. (2020).Negative emotions and job burnout in news media workers: A moderated mediation model of rumination and empathy.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 75-82.
Mahmodi, A., & Elahi Doost, M. (2019). Investigating the feeling of security and social capital among municipal employees Arak. Markazi Province Police Disciplinary Knowledge Quarterly, 9(1),1-13. (Persian)
McEnnis, S. (2020). Toy department within the toy department? Online sports journalists and professional legitimacy. Journalism, 21(10), 1415-1431.
Mirakzadeh, A. A., Shiri, N., Allahveisi, M. E., & Darabkhani, R. K. (2013). Role of social capital on Organizational Learning (OL) of Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization's staffs in Kurdistan Province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research (IJAEDR), 43(3), 447-459. (Persian).
Nazari, R., & Mosazade, F. (2018). Model effect of psychological skills on communication skills and social capital of sport managers. Communication Management in Sport Media,
5(4), 15-28. (Persian)
Nazari, R., Moshkelgosha, E., & Fardipoor, R. (2019). The role of social factors in the exchange of tacit knowledge and marketing effectiveness of sports companies (Case study: Majid sport brand). Communication Management in Sport Media, 6(3), 67-76. (Persian)
Nedaei, A., & Emaminejad, M., (2016). Effects of the social wealth on the organizational commitment of the PMO employees of Gilan orovince. Journal of Maritime Transport Industry, 2(3),59-64. (Persian).
Qorbanpoor Lafmejani, A., Dehqan, F., Karimi, F., & Rezaei, S. (2020). The role of attachment styles, love styles and emotional expression in predicting the happiness of married teachers.
Positive Psychology, 5(4), 15-34.
Reinardy, S. (2011). Newspaper journalism in crisis: Burnout on the rise, eroding young journalists’ career commitment. Journalism, 12(1), 33-50.
Richards, D. A., & Schat, A. C. (2011). Attachment at (not to) work: Applying attachment theory to explain individual behavior in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 169.
Rowe, D. (2017). Sports journalism and the FIFA scandal: Personalization, co-optation, and investigation. Communication & Sport, 5(5), 515-533.
Roshandel. A. T. (2016). Quiddity of media organizations. Mass Media Scientific Quarterly, 26(4), 5-18.
Ryan, J. (2014). Do individual attachment styles in the workplace affect a follower’s job satisfaction, engagement and commitment? Dublin Business School, Ireland.
Psenicny, A., & Perat, M. (2020). Fear of relationship loss: Attachment style as a vulnerability factor in job burnout. Slovenian Journal of Public Health, 59(3), 146-154.
Sayadi, E., & Hayati, A. (2014). The relationship between social capital and organizational commitment of employees in zanjan education organization (A case study). International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(5), 166-177.
Shahrazad, W., Kadir, N. B. Y. A., Omar, F., & Halim, F. W. (2015). Relationship between personality traits, attachment styles and life satisfaction among adolescents. e-Bangi, 12(3), 55-64.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Utrecht work engagement scale: Preliminary manual. Utrecht: Occupational Health Psychology Unit, Utrecht University.
Van Bogaert, P., van Heusden, D., Timmermans, O., & Franck, E. (2014). Nurse work engagement impacts job outcome and nurseassessed quality of care: Model testing with nurse practice environment and nurse work characteristics as predictors. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1261.
Van der Gaag, M., & Webber, M. (2008)Measurement of individual social capital. In Social capital and health (pp. 29-49). New York, NY: Springer.
Vijayakumari, K., & Vrinda, K. C. (2016). Work engagement in relation to psychological wellbeing and motivation at work. Guru Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences, 4(3), 589-594.
Vegsund, H. (2014). Work engagement among nurses (Master’s thesis). Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
VirgA, D., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., van Beek, I., & Sulea, C. (2019). Attachment styles and employee performance: The mediating role of burnout. The Journal of Psychology, 153(4), 383-401.
Vogt, K., Hakanen, J. J., Jenny, G. J., & Bauer, G. F. (2016). Sense of coherence and the motivational process of the job-demands– resources model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(2), 194-207.
Wedekind, D., Bandelow, B., Heitmann, S., Havemann-Reinecke, U., Engel, K. R., & Huether, G. (2013). Attachment style, anxiety coping, and personality-styles in withdrawn alcohol addicted inpatients. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 8(1), 1.
Yasini, A., & Tulabi, Z., (2018). Planned organizational level misbehavior Contagion to planned individual level misbehavior among state run school teacher. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, 9(33),45-72. (Persian)
Allameh, M., Soltani, F., & Narimani, M. (2014). To study the mediator role of social capital variable on the relationship between talent management and knowledge sharing in organizations (Case to study: All of the staff divisions of Iranian National Petroleum Company and its affiliated branches located in Tehran). Management Research in Iran, 18(2), 127-148. (Persian)
Alifari, M., Vakilifard, H., Banimahd, B., & Royaee, R. (2017). Study of the adjusting role of social capital identy in the realationship between perceiving ommercial social pesponbility and accountants attitude. Quarterly Managament Accounting, 10(34), 69-83. (Persian)
Amani, M., & Shabahang, M. (2017). Investigating the role of anxiety and depression mediators in relationship between teachers’ attachment styles and job satisfaction. Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal, 9(2), 59-70. (Persian)
Asadi, A. (2018). Theree stressful jobs in Iran. World Economy Newspaper, No: 3392724. (Persian)
Bastani,S., Kamali, A., & Salehi Hikui, M. (2008). Social network capital and interpersonal trust. Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities, 3(16), 42-81. (Persian)
Briggs, I. (2017). The influence of attachment styles on employee engagement. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI), 7(7), 1-8.
Emami, M., & Mallaei, M. (2014). The content analysis of sport's news: The case study of third channel TV. Communication Management in Sport Media, 1(3), 20-28. (Persian)
Fryad, L., Khorakiyan, A. R., & Nazemi, S. (2016). Investigating the effect of psychological empowerment on innovative behavior of employees through their work. Journal of Development Evaloution Management, 25,17-26.
Fukuzawa, A., Katagiri, K., Harada, K., Masumoto, K., Chogahara, M., Kondo, N., & Okada, S. (2019). A longitudinal study of the moderating effects of social capital on the relationships between changes in human capital and ikigai among Japanese older adults. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 172- 182.
De Andrade, A. L., & Pedruzzi, P. F. (2020). Development of The Workplace Attachment Scale (WAtS): Evidence of validity and reliability. Ciencias Psicológicas, 14(2), e2298.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382- 388.
Iddagoda, Y. A., & Opatha, H. H. D. N. P. (2017). Identified research gaps in employee engagement. International Business Research, 10(2), 63-73.
Heydari, S. V., Sadeghloo, T., & Sojasi, H. (2015). Explication of social capital role in improvement of rural farmer’s job satisfaction case study area: Rural area of meshkinshahr township. Social Development & Welfare Planning, 6(21), 191-222.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. New Challenges to International Marketing, 20, 277-320.
Ivask, S. (2018). The role of routines, demands and resources in work stress among Estonian journalists. Estonia: University of Tartu.
Huda, K. N. (2018). Job stress among the newspaper reporters in Bangladesh. National Institute of Mass Communication Journal, 2(2), 131-147.
Jaros, S. (2007). Meyer and Allen model of organizational commitment: Measurement issues. The Icfai Journal of Organizational Behavior, 6(4), 7-25. (Persian)
Khodabakhsh, M. (2012). Attachment styles as predictors of empathy in nursing students. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 5, 1-8.
Khodabakhsh, M. R. (2012).Relationship between attachment style and empathy in nursing students. Iran Journal of Nursing, 25(77), 40-49. (Persian)
Keskes, I. (2014). Relationship between leadership styles and dimensions of employee organizational commitment: A critical review and discussion of future directions. Intangible
Capital, 10(1), 26-51.
Kidney, R. A. (2013). The relationship between attachment styles and employee creativity: Evidence from the engineering industry (Doctoral dissertation). Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
Kong, Y. (2009). A study on the job engagement of company employees. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 1(2), 65-68.
Littman-Ovadia, H., Oren, L., & Lavy, S. (2013). Attachment and autonomy in the workplace: New insights. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(4), 502-518.
Liu, M., Wang, N., Wang, P., Wu, H., Ding, X., & Zhao, F. (2020).Negative emotions and job burnout in news media workers: A moderated mediation model of rumination and empathy.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 75-82.
Mahmodi, A., & Elahi Doost, M. (2019). Investigating the feeling of security and social capital among municipal employees Arak. Markazi Province Police Disciplinary Knowledge Quarterly, 9(1),1-13. (Persian)
McEnnis, S. (2020). Toy department within the toy department? Online sports journalists and professional legitimacy. Journalism, 21(10), 1415-1431.
Mirakzadeh, A. A., Shiri, N., Allahveisi, M. E., & Darabkhani, R. K. (2013). Role of social capital on Organizational Learning (OL) of Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization's staffs in Kurdistan Province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research (IJAEDR), 43(3), 447-459. (Persian).
Nazari, R., & Mosazade, F. (2018). Model effect of psychological skills on communication skills and social capital of sport managers. Communication Management in Sport Media,
5(4), 15-28. (Persian)
Nazari, R., Moshkelgosha, E., & Fardipoor, R. (2019). The role of social factors in the exchange of tacit knowledge and marketing effectiveness of sports companies (Case study: Majid sport brand). Communication Management in Sport Media, 6(3), 67-76. (Persian)
Nedaei, A., & Emaminejad, M., (2016). Effects of the social wealth on the organizational commitment of the PMO employees of Gilan orovince. Journal of Maritime Transport Industry, 2(3),59-64. (Persian).
Qorbanpoor Lafmejani, A., Dehqan, F., Karimi, F., & Rezaei, S. (2020). The role of attachment styles, love styles and emotional expression in predicting the happiness of married teachers.
Positive Psychology, 5(4), 15-34.
Reinardy, S. (2011). Newspaper journalism in crisis: Burnout on the rise, eroding young journalists’ career commitment. Journalism, 12(1), 33-50.
Richards, D. A., & Schat, A. C. (2011). Attachment at (not to) work: Applying attachment theory to explain individual behavior in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 169.
Rowe, D. (2017). Sports journalism and the FIFA scandal: Personalization, co-optation, and investigation. Communication & Sport, 5(5), 515-533.
Roshandel. A. T. (2016). Quiddity of media organizations. Mass Media Scientific Quarterly, 26(4), 5-18.
Ryan, J. (2014). Do individual attachment styles in the workplace affect a follower’s job satisfaction, engagement and commitment? Dublin Business School, Ireland.
Psenicny, A., & Perat, M. (2020). Fear of relationship loss: Attachment style as a vulnerability factor in job burnout. Slovenian Journal of Public Health, 59(3), 146-154.
Sayadi, E., & Hayati, A. (2014). The relationship between social capital and organizational commitment of employees in zanjan education organization (A case study). International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(5), 166-177.
Shahrazad, W., Kadir, N. B. Y. A., Omar, F., & Halim, F. W. (2015). Relationship between personality traits, attachment styles and life satisfaction among adolescents. e-Bangi, 12(3), 55-64.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Utrecht work engagement scale: Preliminary manual. Utrecht: Occupational Health Psychology Unit, Utrecht University.
Van Bogaert, P., van Heusden, D., Timmermans, O., & Franck, E. (2014). Nurse work engagement impacts job outcome and nurseassessed quality of care: Model testing with nurse practice environment and nurse work characteristics as predictors. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1261.
Van der Gaag, M., & Webber, M. (2008)Measurement of individual social capital. In Social capital and health (pp. 29-49). New York, NY: Springer.
Vijayakumari, K., & Vrinda, K. C. (2016). Work engagement in relation to psychological wellbeing and motivation at work. Guru Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences, 4(3), 589-594.
Vegsund, H. (2014). Work engagement among nurses (Master’s thesis). Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
VirgA, D., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., van Beek, I., & Sulea, C. (2019). Attachment styles and employee performance: The mediating role of burnout. The Journal of Psychology, 153(4), 383-401.
Vogt, K., Hakanen, J. J., Jenny, G. J., & Bauer, G. F. (2016). Sense of coherence and the motivational process of the job-demands– resources model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(2), 194-207.
Wedekind, D., Bandelow, B., Heitmann, S., Havemann-Reinecke, U., Engel, K. R., & Huether, G. (2013). Attachment style, anxiety coping, and personality-styles in withdrawn alcohol addicted inpatients. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 8(1), 1.
Yasini, A., & Tulabi, Z., (2018). Planned organizational level misbehavior Contagion to planned individual level misbehavior among state run school teacher. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, 9(33),45-72. (Persian)
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