Ahmadi, M., & Molana, Y. (2021). Instagram's impact on lifestyle: Body image, eating disorders and fashion. (Study case: women aged 20 to 70 living in Tabriz).
Communication Research Quarterly,
2(3), 161-185.
https://doi.org/10.22082/cr.2021.526506.2160 (In Persian)
Akbari Tabar, A., & Hajar Jaribi, J. (2012). A study on the effects of virtual social networks on the lifestyle and leisure time of young people. Paper presented at the National Congress of Leisure Time and Youth Lifestyle, Shiraz. (In Persian)
Ansari, I., Chakhtiyan, M., & Askari, N. (2012). Body fitness and its relationship with social and psychological factors among women in Isfahan city. Quarterly Journal of Social and Psychological Studies, 10(4), 159-180. (In Persian)
Brackenridge, C. (2000). Harassment, sexual abuse, and safety of the female athlete. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 19(2), 187-98.
Brown, S. L. (2004). The case for on-line communities. McKinsey Quarterly, 1.
Carli, V., & Durkee, T. (2016). Pathological use of the Internet. In E-mental health (pp. 269-288). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Guinalíu, M. (2008). The role of satisfaction and website usability in developing customer loyalty and positive word‐of‐mouth in the e‐banking services. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 26(6), 399-417.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Dutta, P., De, C., & Chandan, A. (2017). Impact of social media on student life: A blessings or curse. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Online, 4(7), 479-486.
Faraji, T. (2017). The role of the virtual social network Instagram on young people's tendency to body management. Paper presented at the Alvin International Conference on Psychology, Educational Sciences and Social Studies, Hamedan. (In Persian)
Fatahi, E. (2022). Identifying the effect of the characteristics of body fit pages and coaches on Instagram on followers' behavioral intentions with the mediation of flow experience and its satisfaction (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj. (In Persian)
Fornell, C., Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measuring error.
Journal of High Technology Management Reasearch,
1, 39-50.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Furqani, M. M., & Mohajeri, R. (2016). The relationship between the amount of use of virtual social networks and changes in the lifestyle of young people.
New Media Studies Quarterly,
4(13), 259-291.
https://org.doi.10.22054/CS.2018.24690.293 (In Persian)
Ganson, K. T., Nguyen, L., Ali, A. R. H., Hallward, L., Jackson, D. B., Testa, A., & Nagata, J. M. (2023). Associations between social media use, fitness-and weight-related online content, and use of legal appearance-and performance-enhancing drugs and substances.
Eating Behaviors,
49, 101736.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101736
Ghasemi, V., Adlipour, S., & Barandagi, B. (2013). The relationship between the use of Facebook social network and body image among male and female students of Isfahan University.
Social Psychological Studies of Women,
12(3), 61-92.
https://org.doi.10.22051/JWSPS.2015.1488 (In Persian)
Ismailpour, M., & Kabiri Fard, J. (2018). The impact of electronic word-of-mouth communication on the behavioral foundations of consumers, a study of the focus of the Instagram social network.
Modern Marketing Studies,
2(2), 201-250.
https://org.doi.10.22108/NMRJ.2019.116034.1664 (In Persian)
Jordan, J. S., Walker, M., Kent, A., & Inoue, Y. (2011). The frequency of nonresponse analyses in the Journal of Sport Management.
Journal of Sport Management,
25(3), 229-239.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.3.229
Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media.
Business Horizons,
54(3), 241–251.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.3.229
Kim, M. (2022). How can I Be as attractive as a Fitness YouTuber in the era of COVID-19? The impact of digital attributes on flow experience, satisfaction, and behavioral intention.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,
64, 102778.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102778
Kim, M. S., & Kim, H. M. (2017). The effect of online fan community attributes on the loyalty and cooperation of fan community members: The moderating role of connect hours.
Computers in Human Behavior,
68, 232-243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.031
Kim, M. S., & Stepchenkova, S. (2018). Examining the impact of experiential value on emotions, self-connective attachment, and brand loyalty in Korean family restaurants.
Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(3), 298-321.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2017.1418699
Kleemans, M., Daalmans, S., Carbaat, I., & Anschütz, D. (2018). Picture perfect: The direct effect of manipulated Instagram photos on body image in adolescent girls.
Media Psychology, 21(1), 93-110.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1257392
Ladhari, R., Massa, E., & Skandrani, H. (2020). YouTube vloggers’ popularity and influence: The roles of homophily, emotional attachment, and expertise.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,
54, 102027.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.102027
Li, W., Ding, H., Xu, G., & Yang, J. (2023). The impact of fitness influencers on a social media platform on exercise intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of parasocial relationships.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
20(2), 1113.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021113
Mohamadi, S., & Mahmoodian, A. (2019). Impact of Using Social Media of Instagram in Athletes Brand Image.
Sport Management and Development,
8(1), 32-46.
https://doi.org/10.22124/jsmd.1970.3437 (In Persian)
Mahmoudian, A., Mohammadi, S., & Wang, W. (2025a). Fan engagement management: fan response to brand image attributes of professional athletes on Instagram.
Journal of Global Sport Management,
10(4), 695-713.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2024.2370582
Mahmoudian, A., Izadi, B., & Pyun, D. Y. (2025b). Challenges of social media workers in football clubs using technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework.
Future Business Journal,
11(1), 188.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-025-00619-2
Mahmoudian, A., Izadi, B., & Pyun, D. Y. (2025c). What content do fans like? Identifying key elements of elite athletes’ Instagram posts from the fans perspective. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 1-22.
Mahmoudian, A., Sadeghi Boruojerdi, S., Ghasemi Siani, M., & Ibrahim Faqe Mahmood, A. (2021). Moderating Role of Using Instagram in Relationship between Involvement with the Team, Attachment and Fan Loyalty) Case Study: Persepolis football team).
Communication Management in Sport Media,
8(2), 103-115.
https://doi.org/10.30473/jsm.2020.50380.1370 (In Persian)
Mahmoudian, A., & Sadeghi Boroujerdi, S. (2021). The role of athlete brand characteristics management in psychological commitment and behavioral loyalty to the athlete (case study: Cristiano Ronaldo),
Sports Management Studies,
13(66), 83-114.
https://doi.org/10.22089/smrj.2019.7056.2486 (In Persian)
Mahmoudian, A., Sadeghi Boroujerdi, S., & Delshab, V (2021). Using the Instagram social network as a personal brand management tool for professional athletes,
Communication Management in Sports Media,
9(2), 64-81.
https://doi.org/10.30473/jsm.2021.55313.1460 (In Persian)
Mahmoudian, A., Sadeghi Boruojerdi, S., Ibrahim Faqe Mahmood, A., & Heidari Toupkanlou, M. (2024). Analysis of fans' responses to the brand attributes of sports teams on Instagram (Case study: Esteghlal and Persepolis Tehran football teams).
Communication Management in Sport Media,
11(3), 162-176.
https://doi.org/10.30473/jsm.2021.56800.1492
Mahmoudian, A., Sadeghi Boroujerdi, S., & Mahmoudian, F (2022). The effect of sports team reputation dimensions on team identity and the intention of football spectators to attend (case study: Persepolis football team),
Sports Management Studies,
14(72), 48-82.
https://doi.org/10.22089/smrj.2019.7524.2600 (In Persian)
Malekizadeh, F., Asemani, Z., & Gul Mohammadi, A. (2015). Examining the users' point of view about the influencing factors on the intention to use databases emphasizing the flow theory.
Iranian Journal of Information Processing and Management,
31(3), 705-726.
https://org.doi.10.35050/JIPM010.2016.012 (In Persian)
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory, 2Prisbell, M., & Andersen, J. F. (1980). The importance of perceived homophily, level of uncertainty, feeling good, safety, and self‐disclosure in interpersonal relationships.
Communication Quarterly,
28(3), 22-33.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378009369372
Qollami, H., Sadeghi Boroujerdi, S., Mahmoudian, A., & Kamanger, H. (2024). Identifying and prioritizing the functions of Instagram from the point of view of professional female athletes.
Sport Management Journal,
16(4), 70-52.
https://org.doi.10.22059/jsm.2023.350885.3053 (In Persian)
Raggatt, M., Wright, C. J., Carrotte, E., Jenkinson, R., Mulgrew, K., Prichard, I., & Lim, M. S. (2018). I aspire to look and feel healthy like the posts convey: Engagement with fitness inspiration on social media and perceptions of its influence on health and wellbeing.
BMC Public Health,
18(1), 1-11.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5930-7
Sadeghi Boroujerdi, S., Mansouri, H., & Abbasian, A. (2022). The role of influential people (sports celebrities in fitness) on sports intentions.
Sociological and Managerial Analyzes in Sports, (2), 62-86.
http://jsmas.modares.ac.ir/article-9-63069-en.html (In Persian)
Sokolova, K., & Kefi, H. (2020). Instagram and YouTube bloggers promote it, why should I buy? How credibility and parasocial interaction influence purchase intentions.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer services,
53, 101742.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.01.011
Sokolova, K., & Perez, C. (2021). You follow fitness influencers on YouTube. But do you actually exercise? How parasocial relationships, and watching fitness influencers, relate to intentions to exercise.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,
58, 102276.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102276
Triantafillidou, A., & Petala, Z. (2016). The role of sea-based adventure experiences in tourists’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions.
Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing,
33(sup1), 67-87.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1008667
Vaterlaus, J. M., Patten, E. V., Roche, C., & Young, J. A. (2015). Gettinghealthy: The perceived influence of social media on young adult health behaviors.
Computers in Human Behavior,
45, 151- 157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013
Zamani Moghadam, M., Mirzaei, N., & Biranvand, H. (2017). Women and body management: A qualitative study of a fitness club in Tehran. Society of media culture, 7(28), 37-57. (In Persian)
)