Sport International Relations
hossein mohamadiJame; shahab bahrami; Hamid Ghasemi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a model for gaining international prestige through sporting success. The research approach was qualitative and based on the data theory method. The statistical population of the research was scientific and executive experts who were aware of the issue, which led ...
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The purpose of this study was to develop a model for gaining international prestige through sporting success. The research approach was qualitative and based on the data theory method. The statistical population of the research was scientific and executive experts who were aware of the issue, which led to theoretical saturation through in-depth interviews in a purposeful manner and by snowball method with 12 people. The validity and reliability of the interviews were checked and confirmed by the interviewees, and for reliability, the method of agreement within the topic was used, which had high reliability in coding. To analyze the data, the coding method was used in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. Findings showed that according to the selected coding, causal conditions (economic factors, facilities and equipment and management requirements), Underlying conditions (international participation, media, sports development, government support), intervening conditions (environmental factors and institutions and laws) Strategies (economic support, management policies, scientific approach, culture building, education and research, special attention to women's sports and political-media support) and consequences (international prestige, national unity, highlighting athletes and coaches at the level international). The output of international fame was through sporting success. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that sports policy makers pay special attention to the role and position of international success in gaining international prestige.
Sport International Relations
Rahim Zare; Mahdi Shariati Feizabadi; Fathollah Havil
Abstract
The presence of the US San Francisco Oil Company in the deserts of Arabia in 1920 and the continued exploration of oil in the Dokhan of Qatar in the 1940s by the British were accompanied by the beginning of the attention of the Sheikhs of the Persian Gulf to football. The numerous and diverse hosting ...
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The presence of the US San Francisco Oil Company in the deserts of Arabia in 1920 and the continued exploration of oil in the Dokhan of Qatar in the 1940s by the British were accompanied by the beginning of the attention of the Sheikhs of the Persian Gulf to football. The numerous and diverse hosting of sports events in the Arab countries of the Middle East has caused sports, especially football, to be referred to as the new oil of this region. The purpose of the current research was to investigate what, why and how Arab countries in the region, especially Saudi Arabia and Qatar, pay attention to football, and further the role of football in the modern governance of the Middle East. The population and statistical sample was equal to all the English and Persian research conducted in the field of international football, football politics and football geopolitics in the Middle East region. The findings of the research showed that Qatar and Saudi Arabia are following the UAE as a sports nation in the region, and both countries are trying to use football as a lever to attract tourists, strengthen the public health of citizens, and create employment and investment to complete the power vacuum in the post-Arab spring period.
Sport International Relations
mina bagheri; Morteza Dousti; Mahboubeh Abedi
Abstract
The purpose of this research was The conceptual framework of the function of diplomacy and soft power based on sports in Iran's national brand. The research method was qualitative using grounded theory, which was done in three stages: open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The statistical ...
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The purpose of this research was The conceptual framework of the function of diplomacy and soft power based on sports in Iran's national brand. The research method was qualitative using grounded theory, which was done in three stages: open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The statistical population of the research was 12 people who were experts on the issue of sports washing, soft power, which continued until the theoretical saturation of the interview was reached. The sampling method was purposeful and snowball. In order to measure the reliability of the research, intra-subject agreement was used, which was reported as 73%. Considering that it was higher than 60%, the reliability of coding was confirmed. The results of the research showed the image and accreditation, the requirements and importance of sports communication, the capabilities of sports diplomacy, needs and expectations, sports infrastructure, etc., human resources and... (background conditions), managers' attitude and thinking, structural and process barriers, political issues, economic issues, cultural factors and... (intervening conditions), education and culture building, internal and external organizational interactions, management strategic, research and innovation, cultural development of sports teams and hosting international events and... (strategies) and finally the development of peace, friendship and security, cultural and social achievements, development of championship and professional sports, development of sports infrastructure, development of international interactions, reduction of political isolation and economic sanctions, etc. (consequences), were among the most important research variables from the point of view of specialists and experts.
Sport International Relations
hossein mohamadiJame; shahab bahrami; hamid ghasemi
Abstract
This study aims to identify the factors influencing the enhancement of international reputation through sports success, using a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative). The qualitative component employed thematic analysis, while the quantitative component utilized structural equation modeling. ...
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This study aims to identify the factors influencing the enhancement of international reputation through sports success, using a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative). The qualitative component employed thematic analysis, while the quantitative component utilized structural equation modeling. The study population in the qualitative phase included experts in political science and sports management, and in the quantitative phase, it consisted of professors, graduates, and graduate students in physical education across the country. The sample size for the qualitative phase, reached after theoretical saturation, was 12 individuals, and for the quantitative phase, it was 371 individuals. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS version 24.
In the qualitative phase, seven factors were identified as influential in enhancing international reputation through sports success. The quantitative phase revealed that six of these factors had significant effects, prioritized as follows: sports development, international participation, political-media support, economic factors, managerial requirements, and facilities and equipment, with only the environmental factor not showing a significant effect. Therefore, it is recommended that national authorities focus on the identified factors, particularly on developing sports and increasing international participation, and utilize sports diplomacy as a key tool to enhance the country’s international reputation. These actions could improve the global image and support the achievement of the country's foreign policy objectives.
Sport International Relations
Mehdi Paran; Mohammadsadegh Afrozeh; ebrahim khoshnam; Hossein Zareian
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework for the growth of Iranian sports industry companies on an international and multinational scale. This qualitative research employed a thematic analysis approach. The study population included academic experts (university professors) and industry executives ...
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This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework for the growth of Iranian sports industry companies on an international and multinational scale. This qualitative research employed a thematic analysis approach. The study population included academic experts (university professors) and industry executives (organizational managers and corporate professionals) within the research domain. The sample size, determined based on theoretical saturation, was selected using the snowball sampling method (16participants). Data were collected through semi-structured (guided) interviews. The validity of the findings was stablished through the professional competence of the interviews, content validity of the interview framework, and coding reliability (inter-rater agreement 0.73, assessed by two expert researchers). Data analysis was conducted using a four-step coding process aligned with the research methodology. The results revealed a conceptual framework comprising four overarching themes, ten primary themes, 47 sub-themes, and 164 core concepts. The overarching themes included global positioning for multinational sports businesses, the foundation for internationalization within the national economy and sports industry, capacity-building for adopting a multinational approach in domestic sports companies, and the mechanisms and functions driving the growth of multinational sports companies. The findings suggest that the growth of multinational companies in the sports industry hinges on understanding international and domestic environmental factors, coupled with capacity-building and internationalization of business systems in sports enterprises. It is recommended that the proposed framework be utilized to design and implement corporate business models on an international and multinational scale across academic, governmental, industrial, and media sectors within the national sports landscape.
Sport International Relations
Azim Salahi Kojour; Morteza Dousti
Abstract
Sports diplomacy is an approach that politicians and statesmen of the world use people and sports events to create a favorable image of their country among foreign organizations and governments. The present research was conducted with the aim of formulating strategies for the development of sports diplomacy ...
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Sports diplomacy is an approach that politicians and statesmen of the world use people and sports events to create a favorable image of their country among foreign organizations and governments. The present research was conducted with the aim of formulating strategies for the development of sports diplomacy based on global experience. The current research was based on the purpose of applied research and was exploratory in terms of data collection. The data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview. The statistical population included experts in the field of macrospores management, strategic management, diplomacy, international relations, and sports sociology at the level of deputy ministers, presidents of the federation, advisers to the minister, and university professors, and a targeted sampling method was used to select experts. The final model of the total of Causal conditions (2 categories and 13 concepts), the necessary contexts and contexts (3 categories and 13 concepts), interventionist variables (3 categories and 13 concepts), strategies (3 categories and 11 concepts) and consequences (3 categories and 10 concepts) were formed. Therefore, for the development of sports diplomacy in the country, it is better that statesmen and politicians seek to create a favorable image of their country among foreign organizations and governments by using people and sports events.
Sport Communication
Sara Keshkar; Ali Afsay; Hojjat Kazemini
Abstract
The purpose of the current research is to understand the challenges of interpersonal communication etiquette in international sports events and to provide optimal solutions in the post-Corona era. This study was conducted using qualitative phenomenological research methods, which are exploratory in nature. ...
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The purpose of the current research is to understand the challenges of interpersonal communication etiquette in international sports events and to provide optimal solutions in the post-Corona era. This study was conducted using qualitative phenomenological research methods, which are exploratory in nature. The statistical population for the field interviews included national team athletes, national team coaches, sports management specialists, sports psychology experts, sports sociologists, and viral disease specialists, all targeted for interviews. A total of 56 qualitative interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved. The coding and analysis of the interviews were performed using MaxQDA Pro software.
The results indicated that the challenges of interpersonal communication etiquette in international sports events include cultural-social, value-based, educational, communication, and health-related challenges. Furthermore, the findings revealed 19 communication models among athletes, selected for key reasons such as respectful behavior, hygiene, attention to cultural values, fostering friendship, authenticity of behavior, transmission of Olympic values, and optimal performance. Additionally, desirable solutions for improving interpersonal communication etiquette in international sports events were identified, including modeling, educational initiatives, managerial approaches, and media engagement. To provide optimal solutions, this research also suggests adopting cultural practices such as placing hands on the chest and maintaining a proper distance instead of shaking hands.
Sport International Relations
Faezeh Khandabi; Seyed Hamid Sajadi Hazaveh; Farideh Ashraf Ganjoyi; Zinat NikAeen
Abstract
The current research aims to develop the capacities of polo sports tourism with a specific focus on the role of media, utilizing future studies. The research is applied and analytical-exploratory in nature. The statistical population comprises experts in lacrosse, physical education, and media who have ...
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The current research aims to develop the capacities of polo sports tourism with a specific focus on the role of media, utilizing future studies. The research is applied and analytical-exploratory in nature. The statistical population comprises experts in lacrosse, physical education, and media who have conducted relevant research, totaling 38 individuals. A targeted sampling method was employed to identify these experts, and sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in a final sample of 20 participants. Out of the initial group, 14 individuals expressed their willingness to participate in the cross-effects analysis. To analyze the data, a combination of expert panel methods and cross-sectional effects was utilized. Key recommendations for enhancing polo sports tourism capacities through media include: Introducing lacrosse and the necessary components for starting the sport via media channels; Producing and broadcasting programs that introduce lacrosse in English for foreign tourists; Presenting lacrosse sports documentaries to foreign networks with a focus on education and promotion; Providing media coverage of traditional festivals where polo is played; Encouraging investment in sports tourism by producing media incentive programs. Thus, it can be concluded that the development of polo sports tourism capacities, with an emphasis on media, should be prioritized by the country's sports tourism managers.
Sport International Relations
AmirHoseyn Monazzami; Mahdi Shariati Feizabadi; Sadegh Ranjbar
Abstract
Religious and political challenges with Saudi Arabia in the last decade, followed by the burning of the Saudi embassy in Tehran, invited the sport of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially national an club’s football, to a new problem. The purpose of this study was to analyze the anti-diplomacy ...
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Religious and political challenges with Saudi Arabia in the last decade, followed by the burning of the Saudi embassy in Tehran, invited the sport of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially national an club’s football, to a new problem. The purpose of this study was to analyze the anti-diplomacy of Iranian football as a geopolitical challenge against Saudi Arabia. The present study was a qualitative (descriptive-analytical) type of library studies in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection; The statistical population was equal to 54 works of international sports relations and in particular sports diplomacy in the Middle East region and the statistical sample was equal to the contents about Iranian football anti-diplomacy, soft power of Iran and Saudi Arabia. The findings of the present study showed that the national teams of Saudi Arabia and Iran, as the main players in the Arab world and the Middle East, respectively, have played a significant role in the development of football in this region and many Asian football achievements, including being on the championship platform in the Asian Champions League. And attending the FIFA World Cup has been the result of the two countries' attention to football as their most popular sport; Finally, football in the confrontation between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East can be a tool for convergence and as one of the basic geopolitical codes of the two countries, which with its soft nature can open a diplomatic path in re-examining the relations between the two countries.
Sport International Relations
soheila sefaty; Saeed Ghorbani; Reza Rezayi Shirazi
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to explain and prioritize the factors affecting sports diplomacy in the virtual space. This study was fundamental in terms of purpose, descriptive in nature, and a mixed research in terms of variables, which was a combination of the Delphi and fuzzy Dematel methods. ...
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The aim of the present research was to explain and prioritize the factors affecting sports diplomacy in the virtual space. This study was fundamental in terms of purpose, descriptive in nature, and a mixed research in terms of variables, which was a combination of the Delphi and fuzzy Dematel methods. The statistical population of this research, given the type of research on sports diplomacy, included all stakeholders and experts in the field of sports diplomacy and international relations, members of the academic faculty of sports management in the country and officials of international federations. The sampling method in the qualitative section was purposeful and snowball, and a total of 16 interviews were conducted to reach theoretical saturation. The Delphi group consisted of 8 of the interviewees, and 13 experts formed the fuzzy Dematel group. The analyses were performed in the Excel software. The interview findings and the theoretical foundations of the research indicated that a total of 79 items were identified as factors affecting sports diplomacy in the virtual space, which were classified into 9 main categories: "nature and potential", "structural factors", "management policy", "media policy", "professional sports policy", "cultural policy", "international policy", "economic factors" and "communication policy". In addition, the findings of the fuzzy Dematel test showed that there are 4 influential factors and 5 susceptible factors on sports diplomacy in the virtual space. In a general conclusion, it was stated that the influential factors should be given priority, as this could have a greater impact on sports diplomacy in the virtual space of Iran and play a more active role in this area.
Sport International Relations
Sara Keshkar; Ghazal panahbar
Abstract
Sports have emerged as a significant form of soft power in diplomatic and international relations. A historical examination of the introduction of non-native sports in Iran sheds light on the methods and reasons behind their adoption in the country. The historical presence of foreigners and international ...
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Sports have emerged as a significant form of soft power in diplomatic and international relations. A historical examination of the introduction of non-native sports in Iran sheds light on the methods and reasons behind their adoption in the country. The historical presence of foreigners and international relations in Iran has had a notable impact, particularly in the development of modern sports. Foreigners have played a pivotal role in attracting young people and fostering the growth of sports in the country. Understanding the strategies employed by foreigners to promote their sports can offer valuable insights for sports managers seeking to maintain and develop local sports. In a historical qualitative study employing documentary methods and nominee interviews, the introduction of foreign sports to Iran was investigated. The study reviewed 70 relevant documents, articles, books, and reports. Additionally, experts and researchers in sport history, sport management, sport sociology, athletes, sports veterans, and club/team managers (N=19) were purposively and snowball sampled for interviews. The findings revealed that Iranians who had traveled abroad and foreigners played crucial roles in introducing sports to Iran, while economic and political connections were instrumental in promoting their development. Advertising, foreign cultural influences, structural development, and economic growth have all contributed to the maintenance and nurturing of these sports activities. The similar emergence of sports in many countries suggests that governments have strategically utilized sports to achieve political goals in host countries.